A Date You Have to Earn
There's no calendar hanging over this world telling you what year it is anywhere. Every culture keeps its own account of its own past, in its own terms, and nothing ever announces where two of those accounts line up. If you want to know when something happened, you don't look it up. You earn it.
Nobody shares a calendar
A culture doesn't have "a date"; it has phases it recognises internally, named for what was happening to it: an expansion, a settlement, a period of contraction. Culture A's expansion might sit entirely inside Culture B's settlement period, three valleys away, and nothing in the game will tell you that unless you work it out. Two objects found together, from two different cultures, don't come pre-labelled with which of their respective phases produced them. Connecting one culture's timeline to another's is an inference, made from evidence, and it can be wrong.
Order is free; a date costs you
Some things about time are simply given. If one layer of soil sits below another, it's older; that ordering costs nothing to read. An actual date, though, the kind you could put a number on, is a different order of claim entirely. Sending a sample away for testing takes real time out of your working year, can consume part of the artefact in the process, and comes back with an error margin rather than a certainty. It's a deliberate, costly, career-visible action, not a menu option you click through.
And even an accepted date isn't necessarily a safe one to build on. The frameworks a whole culture's chronology rests on can themselves be wrong, or stretched further than the evidence they were built from can actually support. Arguing that an accepted chronology is mistaken is one of the highest-stakes, highest-scrutiny claims it's possible to publish.
What that buys the game
Because nothing forces two cultures onto one shared timeline, the game never has to tell you a culture's actual place in world history. It only has to let you infer one, badly or well, from evidence that was never labelled for your convenience. Misjudging where a boundary between two phases actually falls, and building a theory on the wrong side of it, is exactly the kind of error the whole game is built to let you make honestly.
docs/05-generation-architecture.md §3, §7 · argued as a decision: Every Culture Keeps Its Own Calendar